CONTENTS BY ENERGY TYPE DISCUSSED
  7 Properties of Matter 
  8 Liquids 
  9 Gases 
28 The Atom and the Quantum
23
27
31
173
C
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  1. Introduction to Waves
  2. Sound
  3. Light
  4. Color
  5. Reflection & Refraction
  6. Lenses
  1. Electrostatics
  2. Electric Fields and Potential
  3. Electric Current
  4. Electric Circuits
  5. Introduction to Magnetism
  6. Electromagnetic Induction
4
5
8
11
14
18
59
67
75
84
93
102
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  1. Motion
  2. Projectile Motion
  3. Newton’s First Law of Motion: Inertia
  4. Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Force and Acceleration
  5. Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Action and Reaction
  6. Momentum
  7. Energy
  8. Universal Gravitation
  9. Gravitational Interactions
114
119
128
136
 
142
149
153
160
165
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  1. The Atom and the Quantum
  2. The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity
  3. Nuclear Fission and Fusion
173
178
186
N
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R
 
 
  1. Introduction to Heat
  2. Heat Transfer
  3. Changes of Phase
37
43
49
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How to Use this Table of Contents

In between the 6th and 7th editions, it was suggested that this book be reorganized by the type of energy discussed in each specific chapter. Unfortunately, due to this book’s comprehensive coverage of many different topics, it has grown to a somewhat unwieldy size. If this portfolio were drastically shorter, say 20 pages, such a reorganization would be quite feasible. However, this portfolio is more than 215 pages long. Because reprinting most (or all) of the entire book would be a lengthy activity, I added the above table of contents to cross-reference each chapter by energy type discussed. This table of contents looks very similar to the "Contents at a Glance" section below, except that each chapter has been grouped by the types of energy discussed in each chapter, not as separate units that discuss mainly one thing.

Although at first my approach may seem an outright violation of the assignment, simply adding another table of contents to cross-reference each chapter has its advantages. First of all, a reorganization would scramble page numbers throughout the entire book, thus requiring a lengthy print job I would rather avoid. Secondly, an additional table of contents would be able to mention the same chapter several times, in the unlikely event that the concepts presented in a chapter could be applied to several types of energy. Thus, I believe that my method will save time, money, ink cartridges, and trees. J

 
Contents at a Glance
 
What is Energy?: A Brief Introduction 

Credits and Dedication 

Introduction to This Book 

What is in This Book? 

Typeface Conventions Used in this Book 

What’s New in Portfolio ‘98?
1
i
xiv
xiv
xxi
xxi
S
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T
   Electricity 
  1. Electrostatics
  2. Electric Fields and Potential
  3. Electric Current
  4. Electric Circuits
58
59
67
 
75
84
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Waves 
  1. Introduction to Waves
  2. Sound
  3. Light
  4. Color
  5. Reflection & Refraction
  6. Lenses
3
4
5
8
11
14
18
W
A
V
E
S
   Magnetism 
  1. Introduction to Magnetism
  2. Electromagnetic Induction
92
93
102
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Matter 
  1. Properties of Matter
  2. Liquids
  3. Gases
22
23
27
31
M
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   Simple Motion 
  1. Motion
  2. Projectile Motion

    3. Newton’s Laws 

  3. Newton’s First Law of Motion: Inertia
  4. Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Force and Acceleration
  5. Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Action and Reaction

    6. Advanced Motion 

  6. Momentum
  7. Energy
  8. Universal Gravitation
  9. Gravitational Interactions
113
114
119
127
128
136
 
142
 
 
148
149
153
160
165
M
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HAN
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Thermodynamics 
  1. Introduction to Heat
  2. Heat Transfer
  3. Changes of Phase
36
37
43
49
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   Nuclear Physics 
  1. The Atom and the Quantum
  2. The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity
  3. Nuclear Fission and Fusion
172
173
178
186
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A
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Conclusion & Appendices 
  1. Equations Mentioned In This Book
  2. Laws and Principles
  3. Symbols for Schematic Diagrams
  4. Updates
194
196
201
204
205
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Contents in Depth
 
What is Energy: A Brief Introduction 1
 
Introduction to this Book xiv
  Who needs this book? • What’s in this book? • Acknowledgments • On Publication of this Book • Typeface Conventions Used in this Book • What’s New in this 7th Edition?  
Introduction to Waves 4
  Vibrations of a Pendulum • Wave Description • Wave motion • Wave Speed • Transverse Waves • Longitudinal Waves • Interference • Standing Waves • The Doppler Effect • Bow Waves • Shock Waves  
Sound 5
  The Origin of Sound • Sound In Air • Media that Transmit Sound • Speed of Sound • Loudness • Forced Vibration • Natural Frequency • Resonance • Interference • Beats • The Ear  
Light 8
  Early Concepts of Light • The Speed of Light • Electromagnetic Waves • Light and Transparent Materials • Opaque Materials • Shadows • Polarization  
Color 11
  The Color Spectrum • Color by Reflection • Color by Transmission • Sunlight • Mixing Colored Light • Complementary Colors • Mixing Colored Pigments • Why the Sky is Blue • Why Sunsets are Red • Why Water is Greenish Blue  
Reflection and Refraction 14
  Reflection • The Law of Reflection • Mirrors • Diffuse Reflection • Reflection of Sound • Refraction • Refraction of Sound and Light • Atmospheric Reflection • Dispersion in a Prism • The Rainbow • Total Internal Reflection  
Lenses 18
  Converging and Diverging Lens • Image Formation by a Lens • Some Common Optical Instruments • The Eye • Some Defects of Lenses  
Properties of Matter 23
  Elements • Atoms are Recyclable and Small • Evidence of Atoms’ Existence • Molecules • Compounds • The Atomic Nucleus • Electrons in the Atom • The Phases of Matter • Bonds  
Liquids 27
  Liquid Pressure • Buoyancy • Archimedes’ Principle • Does it Sink or Does it Float? • Flotation • Pascal’s Principle  
Gases 31
  The Atmosphere • Atmospheric Pressure • The Simple Barometer • The Aneroid Barometer • Boyle’s Law • Buoyancy of Air • Bernoulli’s Principle • Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle  
Introduction to Heat 37
  Temperature • Heat • Thermal Equilibrium • Internal Energy • Measurement of Heat • Specific Heat Capacity • The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water • Thermal Expansion • Expansion of Water  
Heat Transfer 43
  Conduction • Convection • Radiation • Absorption of Radiant Energy • Emission of Radiant Energy • Newton’s Law of Cooling • Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect  
Changes of Phase 49
  Evaporation • Condensation • Evaporation and Condensation Rates • Boiling • Freezing • Why Ice Seems Wet • Why Objects Glide Along Ice • Energy and Changes of Phase  
Boiling and Freezing at the Same Time 54
 
Electrostatics 59
  Electrical Forces and Charges • Conservation of Charge • Coulomb’s Law • The Difference Between the Gravitational Force and the Electrical Force • Conductors and Insulators • Charging by Friction and Contact • Charging by Induction • Charge Polarization  
The Difference Between the Gravitational Force and the Electrical Force 62
 
 
Electric Fields and Potential 67
  Electric Fields • Electric Field Lines • Electric Shielding • Electric Potential Energy • Electric Potential • Electric Energy Storage • The Van de Graaff Generator  
The Van de Graaff Generator 73
Inkjet Printers 74
 
Electric Current 75
  The Flow of Charge • Electric’s Current • Voltage Sources • Electric Resistance • Electric Shock • Direct Current and Alternating Current • Converting AC to DC • Electron Speed • Electron Sources • Electric Power  
Ohm’s Law 78
Converting AC to DC 80
 
Electric Circuits 84
  The Story of a Battery and a Bulb • Electric Circuits • Series Circuits • Parallel Circuits • Schematic Diagrams • Combining Resistors in a Compound Circuit • Parallel Circuits and Overloading  
Raychem’s PolySwitch™ Device 90
 
Introduction to Magnetism 93
  Magnetic Poles • Magnetic Fields • The Nature of a Magnetic Field • Magnetic Domains • Electric Currents and Magnetic Fields • Magnetic Forces on Moving Charged Particles • Magnetic Forces on Current—Carrying Wires • Meters to Motors • The Earth’s Magnetic Field  
DC Motors 99
AC Motors 100
 
Electromagnetic Induction 102
  Electromagnetic Induction • Faraday’s Law • Generators and Alternating Current • A Comparison of Motors and Generators • Transformers • Power Transmission • Induction of Electric and Magnetic Fields • Maxwell’s Law • Electromagnetic Waves  
Broadcasting Electromagnetic Waves 111
 
 
Motion 114
  Motion is Relative • Speed • Velocity • Acceleration • Free Fall: How Far and Fast? • Graphs of Motion • Air Resistance and Falling Objects  
Projectile Motion 119
  Vector and Scalar Quantities • Velocity Vectors • Components of Vectors • Projectile Motion • Upwardly Launched Projectiles • Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites  
An Alternate Method to Add Vectors and Resolve Them into Components 126
Triangulation 126
 
Newton’s First Law of Motion: Inertia 128
  Aristotelian Thinking • Copernicus’ Theory • Galileo’s Support • Newton’s Law of Inertia • Mass: Inertia Net Force • Mass Is Not Volume • Mass Is Not Weight • One Kilogram Weighs 9.81 Newtons (at sea level) • Net Force • Equilibrium • Vector Addition of Forces • The Constantly Moving Earth  
Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Force and Acceleration 136
  Force Causes Acceleration • Mass Resists Acceleration • Newton’s Second Law • Friction • Applying Force—Pressure • Free Fall Explained in Depth • Falling and Air Resistance  
Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Action and Reaction 142
  Forces and Interactions • Newton’s Third Law • Identifying Action and Reaction • Action and Reaction with Different Masses • Action Equals Reaction  
Do Action and Reaction Forces Cancel? 145
Action and Reaction Forces: Do They Cancel? (An Investigation) 146
The Horse-Cart Problem 147
 
Momentum 149
  Momentum • Impulse Changes Momentum • Bouncing • Conservation of Momentum • Collisions • Momentum Vectors  
The Case of the Missing Fish 151
 
Energy 153
  Work • Power • Mechanical Energy • Potential Energy • Kinetic Energy • First Law of Bioenergetics (Conservation of Energy) • Machines • Efficiency • Energy for Life  
Universal Gravitation 160
  The Falling Apple • The Falling Moon • The Falling Earth • Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation • Gravity and Distance: The Inverse Square • Universal Gravitation  
The Inverse Square Law 162
 
Gravitational Interactions 165
  Gravitational Fields • Gravitational Fields Inside a Planet • Weight and Apparent Weightlessness • Ocean Tides • Tides in the Earth and Atmosphere  
Black Holes 170
 
The Atom and the Quantum 173
  Atomic Models • Light Quanta • The Photoelectric Effect • Waves as Particles • Particles as Waves • Electron Waves • Relative Sizes of Atoms • Quantum Physics • Predictability and Chaos  
The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity 178
  The Atomic Nucleus • Radioactive • Radiation Penetrating Power • Radioactive Isotopes • Radioactive Half-Life • Natural Transmutation of the Elements • Artificial Transmutation of the Elements • Uranium Dating • Radioactive Tracers • Radiation and You  
Carbon-14 Dating 183
Uranium Dating 183
Radioactive Tracers 183
 
Nuclear Fission and Fusion 186
  Nuclear Fission • The Nuclear Fission Reactor • Plutonium • The Breeder Reactor • Mass-Energy Equivalence • Nuclear Fusion • Controlling Nuclear Fusion  
Conclusion 194
 
Appendix A: Equations Mentioned in this Paper 196
General 196
Waves 196
Sound 196
Light 196
Colors 196
Reflection and Refraction 196
Lenses 196
Liquids 197
Gases 197
Heat 197
Heat Transfer 198
Electrostatics 198
Electric Fields and Potential 198
Electric Current 198
Electric Circuits 198
Introduction to Magnetism 198
Electromagnetic Induction 199
Linear Motion 199
Projectile Motion 199
Newton’s First Law: Inertia 199
Newton’s Second Law: Force and Acceleration 199
Momentum 199
Energy 200
Universal Gravitation 200
Gravitational Interactions 200
 
Appendix B: Laws and Principles 201
Appendix C: Symbols for Schematic Diagrams 204
Appendix D: Updates to Portfolio 205
Special Features
 
BASIC Program: Beat Tones 7
Boiling and Freezing at the Same Time 45
The Difference Between the Gravitational Force and the Electrical Force 51
The Van de Graaff Generator 61
Inkjet Printers 62
Ohm’s Law 65
Converting AC to DC 67
Raychem’s PolySwitch™ Devices 76
DC Motors 83-84
AC Motors 84
Broadcasting Electromagnetic Waves 94
An Alternate Method to Add Vectors and Resolve Them into Components 106
Triangulation 106
Do Action and Reaction Forces Cancel? 121
Action and Reaction Forces: Do They Cancel? (An Investigation) 122
The Horse-Cart Problem 122-123
The Case of the Missing Fish 127
The Inverse Square Law 136
Black Holes 143
Carbon-14 Dating 154
Uranium Dating 154
Radioactive Tracing 155
 
Table of Chapters
 
This chapter in What Is Energy?… …corresponds to this chapter in Conceptual Physics
Chapter 1: Introduction to Waves Chapter 25: Vibrations and Waves
Chapter 2: Sound Chapter 26: Sound
Chapter 3: Light Chapter 27: Light
Chapter 4: Color Chapter 28: Color
Chapter 5: Reflection and Refraction Chapter 29: Reflection and Refraction
Chapter 6: Lenses Chapter 30: Lenses
Chapter 7: Introduction to Matter Chapter 17: The Atomic Nature of Matter
Chapter 8: Liquids Chapter 19: Liquids
Chapter 9: Gases Chapter 20: Gases
Chapter 10: Heat Chapter 21: Temperature, Heat and Expansion
Chapter 11: Heat Transfer Chapter 22: Heat Transfer
Chapter 12: Changes of Phase Chapter 23: Change of Phase
Chapter 13: Electrostatics Chapter 32: Electrostatics
Chapter 14: Electric Fields and Potential Chapter 33: Electric Fields and Potential
Chapter 15: Electric Current Chapter 34: Electric Current
Chapter 16: Electric Circuits Chapter 35: Electric Circuits
Chapter 17: Introduction to Magnetism Chapter 36: Magnetism
Chapter 18: Electromagnetic Induction Chapter 37: Electromagnetic Induction
Chapter 19: Motion Chapter 2: Linear Motion
Chapter 20: Projectile Motion Chapter 3: Projectile Motion
Chapter 21: Newton’s 1st Law: Inertia Chapter 4: Newton’s 1st Law of Motion: Inertia
Chapter 22: Newton’s 2nd Law: Force & Accel… Chapter 5: Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion: Force a…
Chapter 23: Newton’s 3rd Law: Action and Rea… Chapter 6: Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion: Action…
Chapter 24: Momentum Chapter 7: Momentum
Chapter 25: Energy Chapter 8: Energy
Chapter 26: Universal Gravitation Chapter 12: Universal Gravitation
Chapter 27: Gravitational Interactions Chapter 13: Gravitational Interactions
Chapter 28: The Atom and the Quantum Chapter 38: The Atom and the Quantum
Chapter 29: The Atomic Nucleus and Radioacti… Chapter 39: The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity
Chapter 30: Nuclear Fission and Fusion Chapter 40: Nuclear Fission and Fusion
Note that some of the information in this book also comes from Clarence E. Bennett’s Physics when I could not find something in Conceptual Physics.